Verification
Scoring Audit
Compare our construct-to-item mappings against the SPSS Command Syntax reference. Select a response to verify item-level scoring.
Scored Constructs
Each construct shows the items used in SPSS scoring and any additional items assigned in our system that are not part of the SPSS calculation.
Transformational Leadership
Leadership behaviours that inspire, motivate, and intellectually stimulate team members toward collective goals. Transformational leaders operate through influence rather than authority.
Laissez-Faire Leadership
Passive leadership behaviours characterised by avoidance of decision making and absence during critical moments. High scores indicate leadership withdrawal.
Authoritarian Leadership
Controlling and directive leadership behaviours where the leader centralises decision-making and suppresses team autonomy. These items are reverse-scored.